Digital and Technological Solutions (DTS223V)

UG (NEP) 2nd Semester – Session June 2026

Section – A (Short Answer Type Questions)

1.

i. What is Digital Technology?
Digital technology uses electronic systems to process, store, and transmit data in digital form.

ii. Define Algorithm.
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure used to solve a problem or perform a task.

iii. What is a Web Browser?
A web browser is software used to access and view websites on the Internet.

iv. Expand WWW
World Wide Web.

v. What is IMPS?
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS) is a real-time electronic fund transfer system.

vi. Define Cyber Security.
Cyber security is the protection of computers, networks, and data from cyber threats.

vii. What is Internet of Things (IoT)?
IoT is a network of interconnected devices that communicate and exchange data over the Internet.

viii. What is a Digital Signature?
A digital signature is an electronic authentication method used to verify the sender and integrity of data.

Section – B (Medium Answer Type Questions)

2. Explain the role and significance of ICT.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to technologies used for creating, storing, processing, and communicating information. ICT plays a vital role in education, business, healthcare, governance, and communication. It enables fast information sharing, improves decision-making, enhances productivity, and supports online learning and remote work. ICT helps organizations manage data efficiently and facilitates global connectivity through the Internet. In government services, ICT promotes transparency and citizen participation through e-governance. Overall, ICT has transformed society by making communication faster, information more accessible, and services more efficient.

OR

Describe the various types of Operating Systems.

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources. Major types include:

Batch Operating System – Executes jobs in batches without user interaction.
Time-Sharing Operating System – Allows multiple users to share system resources simultaneously.
Multitasking Operating System – Runs several programs at the same time.
Multiprocessing Operating System – Uses multiple CPUs for better performance.
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) – Provides immediate response for critical applications.
Distributed Operating System – Manages multiple interconnected computers as a single system.
Mobile Operating System – Designed for smartphones and tablets, such as Android and iOS.

3. Explain the applications of the Internet.

The Internet has numerous applications in daily life. It enables communication through email, video conferencing, and social media. It supports education through online classes and digital libraries. Businesses use the Internet for e-commerce, marketing, and customer services. Banking services such as online transactions and fund transfers are also Internet-based. It provides entertainment through streaming platforms, gaming, and social networking. Governments use the Internet for delivering e-governance services. It is also used for research, information sharing, cloud computing, and remote work, making it an essential part of modern society.

OR

Discuss the importance of E-commerce and Digital Marketing.

E-commerce refers to buying and selling goods and services online. It provides convenience, wider market reach, reduced operational costs, and 24/7 availability. Customers can compare products and make purchases from anywhere.

Digital marketing involves promoting products and services through digital channels such as websites, social media, email, and search engines. It helps businesses reach target audiences effectively, increases brand awareness, and provides measurable results. Together, e-commerce and digital marketing contribute significantly to economic growth and business expansion.

4. Write a short note on Cyber Security threats and safety measures.

Cyber security threats include malware, viruses, phishing attacks, ransomware, identity theft, hacking, and data breaches. These threats can damage systems, steal sensitive information, and cause financial losses.

Safety measures include using strong passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, installing antivirus software, updating software regularly, avoiding suspicious links and emails, backing up important data, and using secure networks. User awareness and cyber security policies are also essential for protecting digital assets.

OR

Explain Cloud Computing and Big Data with suitable examples.

Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as storage, software, and processing power over the Internet. Examples include Google Drive, Dropbox, and Microsoft Azure.

Big Data refers to extremely large and complex datasets that cannot be processed using traditional methods. Big Data helps organizations analyze patterns and make informed decisions. Examples include social media data, online shopping records, and healthcare databases. Companies like Amazon and Netflix use Big Data to improve customer experiences and recommendations.

5. Explain the various Digital Financial Tools used in India.

India uses several digital financial tools:

UPI (Unified Payments Interface) – Instant money transfers using mobile apps.
IMPS – Real-time interbank fund transfer service.
NEFT – Electronic transfer of funds between banks.
RTGS – Real-time transfer for high-value transactions.
Mobile Banking – Banking services through mobile applications.
Internet Banking – Online banking through websites.
Digital Wallets – Such as Paytm, PhonePe, and Amazon Pay.
Debit and Credit Cards – Electronic payment methods for online and offline purchases.

These tools promote cashless transactions, convenience, and financial inclusion.

OR

Discuss the various initiatives under Digital India.

Digital India is a flagship initiative launched to transform India into a digitally empowered society. Major initiatives include:

BharatNet for rural broadband connectivity.
Digital Locker (DigiLocker) for storing digital documents.
Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for digital payments.
e-Hospital and e-Health services.
Common Service Centres (CSCs).
e-Governance services.
PMGDISHA for digital literacy.
Online education platforms such as SWAYAM.

These initiatives improve governance, transparency, digital inclusion, and access to services.

Section – C (Long Answer Type Questions)

6. Discuss the evolution of Digital Systems and explain the working of a Computer System.

Digital systems have evolved from mechanical calculating devices to advanced computer-based systems. Early developments included the abacus, mechanical calculators, and vacuum tube computers. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes, followed by transistors in the second generation. Integrated circuits characterized the third generation, while microprocessors led to the fourth generation. Modern computers use artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and advanced networking technologies.

A computer system consists of hardware and software working together to process data.

Components of a Computer System

Input Unit
- Accepts data and instructions.
- Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Known as the brain of the computer.
- Performs calculations and controls operations.
- Contains:
  - Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
  - Control Unit (CU)
  - Memory Unit
Memory Unit
- Stores data and instructions.
- Includes RAM, ROM, and secondary storage devices.
Output Unit
- Displays processed information.
- Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers.

Working of a Computer System

The user enters data through input devices. The CPU processes the data according to instructions stored in memory. Processed information is then displayed through output devices. Storage devices save data for future use. This process follows the Input-Process-Output (IPO) cycle.

Thus, computer systems have evolved significantly and now play a vital role in education, business, healthcare, communication, and scientific research.

7. Explain a Communication System in Detail. Describe the transmission media used for communication.

A communication system is a system that transfers information from a sender to a receiver through a communication channel.

Components of a Communication System

Sender (Source)
Message
Transmission Medium
Receiver
Feedback

Working

The sender generates information and converts it into signals. These signals travel through a communication channel and are received by the receiver, who interprets the message.

Transmission Media

Transmission media are the paths through which data travels.

A. Guided Media (Wired)

Twisted Pair Cable
- Used in telephone and LAN networks.
- Low cost and easy installation.
Coaxial Cable
- Provides better shielding and higher bandwidth.
Optical Fiber Cable
- Uses light signals for transmission.
- High speed, secure, and reliable.

B. Unguided Media (Wireless)

Radio Waves
- Used in broadcasting and mobile communication.
Microwaves
- Used in satellite and long-distance communication.
Infrared Waves
- Used in remote controls and short-range communication.
Satellite Communication
- Enables global communication coverage.

Communication systems are essential for telecommunication, Internet services, broadcasting, and data transmission.

8. What is Cyber Security? Discuss cyber threats, precautions, safety measures and legal perspectives.

Cyber Security refers to the protection of computer systems, networks, and digital information from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage.

Cyber Threats

Malware
Viruses and Worms
Phishing Attacks
Ransomware
Identity Theft
Data Breaches
Hacking
Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks

Precautions and Safety Measures

Use strong passwords.
Enable two-factor authentication.
Install antivirus and firewall protection.
Update software regularly.
Avoid suspicious links and emails.
Backup important data.
Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
Educate users about cyber threats.

Legal Perspectives

In India, cyber crimes are addressed through the Information Technology Act, 2000. The Act provides legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures and prescribes penalties for cyber offences such as hacking, identity theft, and data theft. Various agencies work to investigate cyber crimes and protect digital infrastructure.

Cyber security is essential for protecting personal information, organizational data, and national security.

9. Detailed Notes

A. Robotics

Robotics is a branch of technology concerned with the design, development, and operation of robots. Robots are programmable machines capable of performing tasks automatically. They are used in manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, defense, and space exploration. Robotics increases productivity, accuracy, and efficiency.

B. Blockchain

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions securely across multiple computers. Each record is stored in a block linked to previous blocks. It provides transparency, security, and immutability. Blockchain is widely used in cryptocurrencies, supply chain management, and digital identity systems.

C. 3D Printing

3D Printing is an additive manufacturing process that creates three-dimensional objects layer by layer from digital models. It is used in healthcare, engineering, architecture, and product prototyping. It reduces production time and material wastage.

D. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. AI enables computers to learn, reason, and make decisions. Applications include virtual assistants, recommendation systems, autonomous vehicles, healthcare diagnosis, and language translation. AI improves efficiency and supports intelligent decision-making across various sectors.

Digital and Technological Solutions; Solved Question Paper 06 June 2026